Tata Ace- Case Study

Advertising STRATEGIES ASSIGNMENT â€Å"TATA ACE† CASE STUDY 1) Why do we feel Tata Motors was focusing on LCV (Light Commercial Vehicle) fragment under business portion for TATA ACE? †††Better roadway frameworks like the Golden Quadrilateral implied that Commercial vehicles in 45+ Tons could convey mass burdens covering enormous separations in shorter time and at lower per ton per km cost. Government likewise approached the errand of improving street arrange between medium measured urban areas and furthermore constructing all climate tertiary street organize covering provincial towns-just littler and rough vehicles could work on these streets ( Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadhak Yojana).Increased clog and contamination in the vast majority of the urban communities constrained the legislature to manage the development of Large/Heavy trucks (bigger than four tons) in the urban areas. Goodbye engines considered the above essential factors in deciding the requirement fo r enormous business vehicles for the thruways and littler sub 4 Ton classification business vehicle for working on both Inter city/Town and Intra city street network.Ruling out the chance of growing huge business vehicles because of the significant expense of advancement and dreading loss of incomes from their specialty standard size truck portion, Tata engines chose to create TATA ACE focusing on the Light Commercial Vehicle Segment. Additionally helping their choice procedure were some key strategy activities: †Discouraging the utilization of Old. Dirtying and uneconomical vehicles Scrapping of >15 years old vehicles Ban on over-burdening of vehicle. ) Highlight the Key result of Market Research which was directed before propelling TATA ACE and do we think there was a hole which can be tended to by a Product like TATA ACE? Statistical surveying including talking of more than 4000 truck and three wheeler administrators over the length and broadness of the nation featured th e accompanying needs, however there was an area which opined that even a three wheeler under TATA flag would be invited by the market: (I) Owning cost of the vehicle ought not surpass INR 200,000/(ii) Fuel Efficiency. Lessen â€Å"per ton per km† cost. iii) Maneuverability of three wheeler yet with more significant level of a. Wellbeing b. Sturdiness c. Toughness d. Unwavering quality e. Higher payload f. Solace of a four wheeled truck. (iv) And at last â€Å"Personal Motivation† to drive a four wheeler to improve the status of administrators in the general public and along these lines make transportation business people . Goodbye Motors tended to all the key necessities of the market with TATA ACE, A four wheeler with prudent valuing, Fuel Efficient motor, pay heap of 1750 kgs and inherent security highlights including upgraded comfort. ) How was Segmentation and Targeting accomplished for TATA ACE? As a Functional division, Tata engines concluded that the ACE would a ddress the range of LCV to ship 750 †1500 kgs more than 100-200 kms and position it between the Rickshaws/Cart and Pick up trucks; meeting the utilitarian needs of various clients. They likewise further portioned this useful sectioned clients into four gatherings viz. , †Performance delicate (7%) o Interested in status, Brand picture and speed o Willing to follow through on greater expenses for highlights Current proprietors/administrators of bigger SUVs or vehicles. †Balanced point of view (25%) o Return on Investment o Comfort and highlights o Owners †Entrepreneurs o Purchasing three wheeler, because of nonattendance of another option. †Return on Investment touchy (55%) o Per Ton per Km cost o No incentive for Non-financial buy contemplations o Generally armada proprietors/administrators who employed drivers †Acquisition cost obliged (13%) o Lacked credit o Could not manage the cost of for somewhat costly vehicles. o Prefer three wheelerFinally they r ecognized a gathering that couldn't manage the cost of any mechanized vehicle; utilizing bullock and pony trucks, cycle carts, manual draw trucks. Anyway this gathering after some time can go up and be a TATA ACE client. In view of practical and client division and furthermore considering possible development of the market , TATA Motors assessed and focused on: †45% of the ACE’s clients intending to buy 3 Wheeler †15% from potential pickup and LCV buyers †and 40% from first time CV buyers. 4) Explain the Marketing Mix 4P's [Product, Price, Place, Promotion] system adjusted for TATA ACE?Product: TATA ACE was intended to address three significant client needs as far as item ie. , †Overloading ability †2 chamber water cooled motor, in light of the demonstrated Indica diesel motor †Safety, Comfort and stylish contemplations Price: Though the cost obviously was higher at ' 225,000 as against ' 100,000-200,000, they tended to the Per ton per km cost. G oodbye Ace would cost Rs. 6. 70 for conveying one ton of merchandise over per km as against '7. 88, their closest rival could offer and portion normal of ' 8. 54. Place:Tata engines chose to turn out in stage starting with 5 states in Western and Southern pieces of India; where the interest for three wheelers were high. They likewise benchmarked appropriation arrange against two and three wheeler seller organize. In view of the information, they grew new vendor position called 1S (Sales), as against customary 3S business organize. Each current Tata Motors 3S Dealer (Sales, Service and Spares) was required to set up 8 to 20 1S habitats in their area and staff them with existing workers. Inside 3 months 300 new circulation focuses were set up.Promotion: Tata engines utilized both Print and TV media to position and advance the item. †Chota Hathi †Symbol of Power, Reliability and â€Å"Mini† item A kid racing to class, Wife seeing off for the afternoon, Off to Work in T ata Ace and Going to School in Tata Ace. Additionally their situating proclamations viz. , o India’s first Mini truck o Small is Big o Stability and Trust of large truck o Economic freedom o Feel great about poke o Transportation at the last mile 5) What is the present pattern of TATA ACE. Who are their rivals and propose a future advances taken for TATA ACE?Present day contenders are : †Mahindra Gio †Mahindra Maxximo †Piagio Ape Mini Truck Force Trump Minidor. A couple of steps recommended for TATA ACE to keep on being the top merchant are: †Continue to improve and ring in changes to make the vehicle more eco-friendly. Increment motor torque to exhibit execution in bumpy areas Continue to control expenses and offer serious cost to clients Increase Go Green activity with increment in ENG and Electric drive variations Target send out market forcefully; with the two highlights and better estimating.

Diminishing American Pride Essay Example for Free

Decreasing American Pride Essay The book Zeitoun fundamentally discusses a Syrian American family’s involvement with the hour of Hurricane Katrina. It was fundamentally partitioned into two story lines, one of Abdulrahman Zeitoun, the primary character, a Syrian American temporary worker; and one of Kathy, his better half, a white lady changed over Muslim. Zeitoun had a phenomenal life, likewise a remarkable involvement with the hour of Hurricane Katrina. He was a fruitful notable representative in neighborhood. At the point when every other person was escaping their old neighborhood before Katrina came, Zeitoun decided to remain to ensure his home and business. Later then when the city was overflowed, he went around with his little kayak, conveying help and assets. Be that as it may, he wasn't right captured as a plundering presume at that point and was sent into prison. He was treated as a psychological oppressor and removed the privilege of reasonable preliminary, compelled to limit in a greatest security jail for a wrongdoing he didn’t submit. Toward the end, Zeitoun was discharged and ready to join with his family once more, however he was not remunerated in any manners for his setback. As this book portrays, everything in the hour of Hurricane Katrina had gone insane, including the American criminal equity framework. The fundamental complaint of this book is to scrutinize bigotry wonder in America and the spoiled criminal equity framework. Bigotry is a primary subject in this book. It was first referenced in this book in Kathy’s story line about her previous existence experience. â€Å"Years prior, Kathy and her mom had gone to the DMV together to have Kathy’s permit restored. Kathy was wearing her hijab, and had just gotten a sound number of dubious looks from DMV clients and staff when she plunked down to have her image taken. The representative behind the camera didn't mask her scorn. ‘Take that thing off,’ the lady said. † (Zeitoun page 58) From the referencing of these sorts of past experience appeared to be immaterial to Hurricane Katrina, we can see the author’s want to embed the subject of bigotry into this book. Kathy’s case contracts little contrasting with Zeitoun’s case in his capture. â€Å"‘You folks are al Qaeda,’ the officer said. Todd snickered disparagingly, however Zeitoun was surprised. He was unable to have heard right. Zeitoun had since quite a while ago dreaded this day would come. Every one of the couple of times he had been pulled over for a criminal traffic offense, he realized the chance existed that he would be badgering, misconstrued, associated with shadowy managing that may sprout in the creative mind of some random cop. After 9/11, he and Kathy realized that numerous minds had gone crazy, that the presentation of the possibility of ‘sleeper cells’-gatherings of would-be fear mongers living in the U. S. what's more, pausing, for quite a long time or decades, to strike-implied that everybody at their mosque, or the whole mosque itself, may be sitting tight for directions from their assumed pioneers in the slopes of Afghanistan or Pakistan. (Zeitoun page 212) It didn’t shock me at all that Zeitoun have those musings that may appear to be over-stressed in some people’s eyes.. For sure, another writer Maysan Haydar had referenced comparative considerations in her paper â€Å"Veiled Intentions: Don’t Judge a Muslim Girl by Her Covering. † â€Å"Now a few people hold their breath somewhat more, expecting I’m a fundamentalist or thinking about whether I’m there to cause them hurt. I sense individuals examining me on the trains, perusing the front of the book in my grasp and attempting to measure on the off chance that I am one of ‘us’ or one of ‘them’. I ponder the disappointment that I can’t console everybody independently that my objectives have an inseparable tie to social equity and nothing to do with sacred war. Be that as it may, I have seen dubious blur according to the pregnant lady to whom I’ve given my tram seat or the Hasidic man whose elbow I’ve taken to help him up the steps. † (Haydar pg 406) I feel exceptionally upset for Haydar and Zeitoun’s encounters. Muslim individuals are constantly dreaded to be assumed as fear based oppressor. American startled by the horrible accident of 9-11 built up a generalization against individuals from Middle East. The dread of being assault likewise again made American insane on national security. In any case, out of the blue, prejudice has put upon such a great amount of mischief on individuals we oppress. Muslim individuals like Zeitoun, dedicated and legit individuals, are compelled to live under the dread of being arraigned for his race sometime in the not so distant future, detracted from his family, secured up some place no one would know he’s kicked the bucket or not. Those apprehensions have made them defeatist under a humble skin, live like peasants. â€Å"In the weeks after the assaults on the Twin Towers, Kathy saw not many Muslim ladies openly. She was sure they were stowing away, venturing out from home just when vital. In Late September, she was in Walgreens when she at long last observed a lady in a hijab. She raced to her. ‘Salaam alaikum! ’ she stated, taking the woman’s hands. The lady, a specialist learning at Tulane, had been feeling a similar way, similar to an outcast in her own nation, and they chuckled at the fact that they were so ridiculous to see one another. † (Zeitoun page 46) Indeed, as a major aspect of universal society, American permitted individuals to be banished from their own nation. In Edward Said’s exposition, â€Å"States†, he escribed how they, Palestinian individuals was ousted from their own nation and compelled to spread far and wide, be prevented from securing individual personality all over the place. †Some Israeli pioneers on the West Bank say: ‘The Palestinians can remain here, without any rights, as inhabitant outsiders. ’ Other Israelis are less kind. † (Said pg 546) â€Å"The truth is that today I can neither come back to the spots of my childhood, nor journey openly in the nations and spots that mean the most to me, nor have a sense of security from capture or savagery even in the nations I used to visit however whose legislatures and approaches have changed fundamentally as of late. (Said pg 547) In a narrative I have viewed, now and again, if a Palestinian needs to venture out from focuses to focuses, they need to experience checkpoints set up by neighborhood military. They would be solicited to show their demonstrate from character and pertinent archives which sources were for the most part denied. No one guide them at that point, no laws secure them, some of them can’t even go to clinics and schools like each other person in the course that they don’t have a legitimate character. We as grown-ups, show our children not to menace in school, that it’s wrong to do as such. Interestingly, as a human, we permit our nation, ourselves to menace on individuals with an alternate skin tone. Isn’t this silly? Another primary subject posted in this book is the criminal equity framework in America. Zeitoun was at first captured in his home, at that point taken to the bus stop, stripped looked and put in prison. All through the entire procedure, he had never been recounted his charges, no calls in truth, nobody had ever allowed him to shield himself or to discover an attorney. He was treated as psychological militant. Over the span of his Middle-Eastern articulation, every little thing about him appeared to be dubious to the gatekeepers. He was kept in unfeeling repression, was given pork for food regardless of his religion. He had a profound injury in his feet yet was never treated nor given any clinical consideration. There were fundamentally no laws in actuality, Zeitoun was treated as though he wasn’t an American resident any longer, constitutions and laws don’t ensure him. â€Å"Watching the proof on the table mount, Zeitoun’s shoulders loosened. Most city frameworks were not working. There were no legal counselors in the station, no appointed authorities. They would not work out of this. The police and officers in the room were excessively animated, and the proof was excessively captivating. (Zeitoun 215) But the most baffling reality about this is the thing that t I discovered later in the book, that the entirety of this happened to Zeitoun was not unique cases happened on more than one occasion, it was some way or another allowed. â€Å"But realizing that Zeitoun’s difficulty was caused rather by foundational obliviousness and breakdown and maybe long-putrefying distrustfulness with respect to the National Guard and whatever different organizations were included was disrupting. It stated, obviously, that this wasn’t an instance of a rotten one or two in the barrel. The barrel itself was spoiled. (Zeitoun 307) This is very surprising from what I gained from my organization of equity class. The entire procedure isn't right. How could an honest individual be legitimized along these lines? Not in any case a call permitted. It is nothing superior to kidnapping. Who gave government the option to treat individuals like this? I surmise under the name of National Security, there’s nothing government can’t do, all laws and constitutions could be subverted. James Bamford, writer of exposition â€Å"Wired† brought up a similar point, says in his paper, â€Å"’They disregarded th e Constitution setting it up. He says gruffly. â€Å"But they didn’t care. They would do it in any case, and they would execute any individual who disrupted the general flow. ’† â€Å"Basically all standards were tossed out the window, and they would utilize any reason to legitimize a waiver to keep an eye on Americans. † (Wired pg 0843,, 084) National Security, at first served the standard of ensuring Americans has become an apparatus to against Americans. â€Å"The NSA has turned its observation contraption on the US and its residents. It has built up listening presents all through the country on gather and filter through billions of email messages and calls, regardless of whether they begin inside the nation or abroad. It has made a supercomputer of practically unfathomable speed to search for designs and unscramble codes. At last, the office has started constructing a spot to store all the trillions of words and considerations

Branding in Hospitality and Tourism

Branding in Hospitality and Tourism Role of Branding in Hospitality and Tourism Home›Marketing Posts›Role of Branding in Hospitality and Tourism Marketing PostsA brand is an identity to a certain product, service or business offered by a certain company or organization. A brand can take any symbol to put across its information. It can take colour combination, name, sign or slogan. In the hospitality and tourism industry, branding has become a major drift to both the industry and consumers.The tourism consumer is the decisive judge of triumphant marketing and public association’s activities. There has been a change from transactional to affiliation management over the last fifty five years (Simon, 2004). This has been due to the rising competition in the marketing environment. A shift from the traditional marketing to ways more aggressive and varied has been emphasized to marketing and communication.In the twenty first century where the clients dictate on the brand on its coherent to the recognition by the compan y is a basic requirement (Metin, 2006). The power of the brand and its image is a pillar to contextualise the activity of marketing. Most of the brands today are built in reference to PR campaigns and then they are maintained through unifying of selling and PR tactics (Raza Ivo, 2005).The tourism industry through branding of its services the customers are able to identify them quickly enough. The branding of the services and other products results to the recognition without suspicion of making a wrong identity. Branding done on services generates more revenue compared to other products that lack trademark mystique. Branding done right delivers a healthy return to the organizations` investment (Davidson, 2006).The brand is a communication element to the customers. The branded products form the basis of identification for the consumer. The consumer can easily differentiate the products he wants from the company that are similar to other products. In recent years the tourism industry has drastically declined due to decrease in tourism awareness. The carefully considered way in which locals deal with tourism is perceived as a whole to its benefits and drawbacks. This has to be corrected through branding (Beech Chadwick, 2006).Branding brings about the effectiveness in running the hospitality and tourism industry. By the industry identifying its brand it can make progress knowing that consumers are readily available. The industry works hard to defend its brand and to keep high quality standards of the services they offer. When the industry offers a low quality of services it readily meets the consumers for critique (Cooper, 2006).Through branding in the tourism industry, it creates and develops loyalty to the customer. The consumers are able to trust the industry since they are aware of the services that it lenders. These become an advantage to the tourism industry as it is assured of a ready market for its services (Aaker David, 1991). It is important to note t hat for the tourism industry to prosper, it requires relevant marketing strategies. By coming up with a brand for the industry is one of those ways in which the industry can be guided through and grow larger (Page, 2009).Through the introduction of a brand the industry gains loyalty from even other industries since it is able to stand independently. The industry is at the same time able to enjoy a strong brand royalty. This would reduce marketing expenses because the customers have been attracted and retained and will even go ahead to tell their friends on the services (Bowen Clarke, 2009).There is reduced pressure in the form of competition from other industries. This is because the industry experiences ready market. Consumers are aware about the services the services the industry offers and so gives it the first priority. Trademarks and ironclad distribution channel can all protect and preserve brand and build it.

Seven Characters In The Bone Bridge, By Trina Davies

The Bone Bridge, by Trina Davies, is centered around the lives of seven characters as they go through the trials and tribulations of the aftermath of the Bosnian War. The Bosnian War took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the late 1990’s, stemming from the breakup of Yugoslavia (â€Å"Bosnian Genocide†). During the Bosnian War, the Army of the Republika Srpska executed a genocide of non-Serbs residing in areas dominated by Bosnian Serbs (Toal and Dahlman 6). The conflicts dominating this play are ones of the past vs. present and good vs. evil. Each character plays a different role within these conflicts ranging from victims to bystanders to leaders. The Bone Bridge illustrates how a person in power cannot put anything into a population that†¦show more content†¦In the production, directed by David Richman, this courtroom scene was very powerful. Mevla sat in the front of the stage with a spotlight on her as she told her story directly to the audience (Richman and Beagan). Dragan, Branka’s husband, worked with Muslim women that had been victims of the war, and he too decided to testify to give a voice to those that could not, or would not, go against the Leader. He did this knowing that his choice would end his marriage, but he believed something had to be done and justice needed to be served. In The Bone Bridge, each character goes through a different journey and experiences when trying to reconstruct and move forward with their lives after the Bosnian War. Mevla, a former judge, was ripped from her house, never to see her family again, and was tortured and raped while in the concentration camps. When she returned, her apartment was being occupied by Ankica, her former secretary. Ankica, who is full Serbian, took over Mevla’s apartment because she felt it â€Å"suited her† and she did not think Mevla â€Å"would be coming back† (Davies 10). With Mevla’s return, Ankica confided in her friend Branka, who had a strong admiration for the Leader, saying she feared that she would become homeless. Characters like Ankica and Branka were not victims of this genocide, but instead felt that their lives had improved because of it. Once the war ended, Ankica was kicked out of â€Å"her† apartment and Branka’s marriage ended.

Benefits Of Using Cds Used For Hedging Purposes - 1501 Words

Banks are classified as users or non-users of CDS based on a search of their annual reports for information about the use of CDS. To search the reports, I have searched for key terms and expressions that indicate the use of CDS such as CDS, credit default swap, and credit default contract. Appendix (C) shows the complete list of the banks classified as CDS user or CDS non-user, and their market capitalization. The CDS users represent 50% of the sample and the other half are nonuser. The selected sample will be used to test two main aspects: 1) The effect of the CEOs’ risk-taking incentives on CDS use by distinguishing between CDS use for hedging purposes and CDS use for trading purposes; and 2) How the CDS use impacts the firms’ risk by†¦show more content†¦In 2002 the European Union agreed that from January 2005 international accounting standards/international financial reporting standards (IASs/IFRSs) would apply for the consolidated accounts of the EU listed companies (Barth, Landsman, and Lang, 2008). Starting from 2005, IAS/IFRS adoption has been mandatory in all the member states of the European Union with the ultimate goal of increasing transparency in financial reporting. This adoption of IAS/IFRS therefore represents an extraordinary event for empirical research because evidence shows that the mandatory adoption of IAS/IFRS in Europe results in better qualit y of financial reporting. In fact, empirical studies provide some support to the notion that adopting IAS/IFRS improves the quality of financial reporting and of public information (Palea, 2013). 3.1.4 Data sources In this thesis, secondary data is used to answer the two research questions. The data have been collected from two main sources: bank’s annual reports and Datastream. Following the approach of many prior empirical studies the data on CDS and derivative are hand-collected from banks’ annual reports (e.g., Allayannis and Ofek, 2001; Rajgopal and Shevlin, 2002; Supanvanij and Strauss, 2010). Unlike US firms, compensation data for European companies are not readily available in

Manufacturing Plan For Wing Of PAV Free Essays

Manufacturing processes are differed according to the fabrication techniques such as sheet metal forming and machining processes. For the wings of a new personal air vehicle (PAV); skins ands ribs are produced by sheet metal forming process and spars are produced by machining process. Finally all produced parts are assembled together to produce final wing structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Manufacturing Plan For Wing Of PAV or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, since the components that build up ailerons and flaps are very similar to wing structure, manufacturing techniques applied for skins, ribs and spars are also valid for them. Since there should be actuator and hinge fittings to connect ailerons and flaps to wing structure, they are considered in machined parts manufacturing process section. SKIN MANUFACTURING Manufacturing process of skins is shown in Figure -1; Figure-1 [1] Tools for sheet metal forming Operations; Stretching Dies, Drill fixtures, drill plates, holding tools First Cut Aluminums Raw Materials are cut by shearing machine or hand router to get available sizes for manufacturing with much enough excess portions. Heat Treatment Blanks are then solution heat treated to provide necessary mechanical properties to the parts. Heat treatment operations are done according to the design requirements which are defined by engineering drawings. Heat treatment processes are applied to make parts generally T4, T5 or T6 tempers. Stretch Forming – Skins On the stretch press, skins are stretch formed and their tooling holes are marked. After removing the skins from stretch presses, the marked tooling holes are drilled for succeeding assembly operations. An example of stretch forming process is shown in Figure – 2. Figure – 2 [2] Skin Routing Routing operation could be done with two techniques; The first one is using a routing shell tool which has two parts which have exactly same form of the skin. The skin is then located in between them which is fixed with the tooling holes previously opened after stretching and a hand router is traveled around the tool to shape the skin to its final contour. A photo of a router shell is shown in Figure – 3. The second technique is using a five axis gantry routing centre with flexible vacuum assisted table. The skin is positioned with the aids of vacuum assisted columns as shown in Figure -4 and tooling holes are used to set the machining coordinate axes. Figure – 3 [3] Figure – 4 [4] During routing operation, tack holes are also drilled. Also during routing operation, excess portions like access openings or some pockets are removed from the skin. Surface Treatment Surface treatment operations are also defined by the engineering drawings. Some of the surface treatment operations applied are rinsing for cleaning, chromic acid anodizing, primer and coating for corrosion prevention. Primer coating and painting are also called as Chemical Conversion Coating (CCC) which is beneficial for fatigue prevention. In our case, chromic acid anodizing is applied to 2024 skins for preventing corrosion and paving the way for painting. Before chromic acid anodizing, fine holes should be masked to keep dimensions accurate. A typical anodise process would consist of a solvent wash and/ or an alkaline clean to remove any oils or greases from the surface. followed by a de-oxidiser stage to remove the natural oxide film from the surface, followed by chromic acid. This gives you a clean oxide free surface which once anodised will give better adhesion of the anodised layer. There is a water rinse stage between each tank to prevent contamination of the bath solutions. From there you have two choices, spray directly onto te anodise ‘honeycomb’ structure which will give good paint adhesion, or seal the anodised layer for enhanced corrosion protection but poorer paint adhesion. Painting Finally, primer, top coat and final paint are applied on the skin. RIB (SHEET METAL) MANUFACTURING Manufacturing process of ribs is shown in Figure – 5; Figure – 5 [1] Tools for sheet metal forming Operations; Hydro press forming dies, Drill fixtures, drill plates, holding tools The main difference of manufacturing of ribs from skins is hydro press forming process instead of stretch forming. Hydro press Forming After heat treatment, blanks become ready to be formed. In aerospace industry fluid cell forming (hydro press forming) is frequently used for forming operation. That is mostly because of the reality that aircraft parts are manufactured in small quantities and parts are mostly different in geometry. Therefore it is necessary to manufacture a different tool for every part and that is very costly. Although the machine is quite expensive, to decrease the tooling costs, hydro press forming is preferred since only male dies are necessary to form parts instead of male-female die combination. That is illustrated in the figure. Also another advantage of hydro press forming is that, on the table of the press machine, several tools, with the blanks on them, could be located randomly at once. In one cycle all the parts are formed simultaneously. Also in general press machines are equipped with two tables which make it possible to decrease set up time to half. Some photos related with hydro press forming are shown in Figure – 6. Figure – 6 [4] SPAR, HINGE, RIB AND FITTING MANUFACTURING Manufacturing process for machined parts, spars, hinges, ribs and fittings is shown in Figure-7; Figure – 7 [1] Tools specific to machining operations; Milling fixtures Machining If necessary those parts which will be machined on milling centers, are firstly cut from blocks of raw material to their required stock sizes. They are mostly skin milled. Skin mill is done to obtain a smooth flat plane to locate the stock on the milling machine table. After skin mill, some holes are drilled on the stock for the sake of transportation and fastening on the machine tables or fixtures. For complex milling operations in which there are more than one stages of operations, it is common to use a milling fixture, see Figure -8. Another reason for use of milling fixtures is that in aerospace industry manufacturing tolerances are so tight and geometries are mostly very complex that is why it is necessary to provide same machining conditions and set up for every single part. Milling fixtures are tools, on which stock material is located and clamped. Their main functionality is that they hold the machined part tightly throughout the machining process which prevents machining def ects and dimensional inaccuracies. , Figure – 8 [4] To obtain required dimensional tolerances, some holes require boring. Boring operation removes only a small quantity of material therefore before boring operation the hole must be drilled very close to the final dimension of the hole diameter. Dimensional accuracy of the machined parts are generally checked with the utilization of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM). These machines are very precise such as they are capable of measuring ten thousands of a millimeter in three dimensional spaces. Although they are quite expensive and they need an air conditioned, humidity controlled and vibration isolated chamber, they are the most accurate and flexible measurement equipments. Shot Peening Machined parts are exposured to shot peening operation. That process is done to remove and minimize the existing surface cracks on the machined parts. Machined parts are generally bear high amount of repetitive tensial and compressive loads and these repetitive loading is mostly the main cause of fatigue failure. Surface cracks are the mostly affected defects from repeated loading and they tend to grow under these conditions. That is why they must be removed or minimized to prevent them to grow and increase the fatigue durability of the part. Surface treatment As explained before both chromic acid anodizing, primer coating and painting are the surface treatment operations applied on the parts to make them resistant to corrosion. Another advantage of these chemical conversion coating processes is that they make the part more durable to the fatigue, since they penetrate to surface cracks, scratches and holes. For instance, pitting is a corrosion type which is more susceptible to such surface defects. Therefore surface treatment processes both provide a protective coating in corrosive environments and they generate a smoother aerodynamic surface, which is a requirement to decrease air drag, especially for the outer surfaces which are in contact with the air during flight. ASSEMBLY OPERATIONS Assembly Operations are shown in Figure – 9; Figure – 9 [1] Tools for assembly operations; Assembly and sub assembly jigs and fixtures Assembly Jig In aerospace fabrication processes, since the parts have very complex geometries and position tolerances are so tight, it necessary to use a fixture to locate parts in their required positions and apply assembly joining operation in these positions without letting them to move. For an air plane wing a single assembly jig could be used for this purpose, see Figure – 10. Figure – 10 [5] Spars are located on the jig. They must have a planar smooth contact surface and they must have previously opened tooling holes. Those holes are used to pin the spar on the jig and some clamps are used to fix the spar in its position. Ribs are located. They are installed on the jig with the utilization contacting surface of spar and some other location surfaces and they are pinned from their tooling holes. Clamps are used to fix ribs in their location. Some of the holes are transferred from ribs to spars or the contrary. Bottom skin is loaded on the jig by the aid of tooling holes on the lugs at each lateral short edge. To wrap the rib spar assembly the skin could be pressed by some belts or some header plates could be used to bring the skin to its required form and clamp it to hold it in its required position. Some of the tack holes on the skin are fastened with clecos, which is a temporary fastener. Pilot holes are drilled to their final sizes and countersinking is applied to locations where countersunk rivets and bolts will be used. After drilling and countersinking is applied parts are separated to remove chips. Before putting parts together again, sealant is applied. Sealant is a viscous chemical isolation material which is a polymer in general (polyurethane, polysulfide, etc). It is applied when it is still in fluid form and it solidifies as a result of chemical reaction which takes place as soon as the sealant is exposed to air. They are used to prevent fluid leakage into internal structural components. This leakage could result catastrophic failure since corrosion which erodes material would work against the mechanical strength and stiffness of the structure. For different purposes and for different locations specific types of sealants are applied. For instance polysulfide based sealant is applied to the surfaces where there is fuel content. For fuel tanks these polysulfide based sealants are used since they withstand the attack of sulfur compounds that are present in fuel. After sealant application, outer skin is brought to close the wing and it is fastened with blind rivets and bolts since it will only be possible to reach rivet from one side. When riveting and bolting completed the wing is removed from the assembly jig and it is sent to paint shop for the application of top coating and painting. After that manufacturing and assembly operations will be completed. How to cite Manufacturing Plan For Wing Of PAV, Papers

Sexual Orientation in Contemporary Advertising an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Sexual Orientation in Contemporary Advertising Most people in the society rely on advertisements to get information about the products that are being sold in the market. Through advertisements, the society is able to develop ideas about the nature of a certain product, its usage, and its durability. In other words, advertising sells the product even before it reaches the retail stores. In order to make sales, the marketers create special concepts and use different approaches to make a strong recall on the minds of the target market. These creative concepts are needed to make the public aware of the uniqueness of that certain product among its competitors. Apparently, mass media has been very influential not only in selling any product to the viewers; its effective approach to the public has been proven in making the people bite all the information and messages that are being conveyed by either the marketer or the advertiser. Need essay sample on "Sexual Orientation in Contemporary Advertising" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Usually Tell Us: Who wants to write essay for me? Essay writers suggest: If You Think About Someone To Write Your Paper - Essaylab The Right Place! The concepts that are being associated with the product are adapted by the society making them as part of the medias constructed reality. While some advertisements show reality, the others tend to sensationalize the ideas and exaggerate the information to make the public easily recall the products that are being endorsed. The constructed reality in media has been viewed as the reality in the society. In other words, the public easily conform to the ideas that advertising present to the audience. From television to billboards, advertising plays an important part in the gaining success of the marketers and fulfilling the needs of the customers. However, the advertisements tend to sell not only the product in the store shelves but also the concepts that are used to promote the products to the market. In this manner, the society often feels the conflicts of knowing the reality and seeing the new society that is being constructed by these advertisements. Sexual orientation is needed in th e society where everyone conforms to the images and information that are being given either by the people around them or the media itself. Apparently, the stereotypes that sexual orientation gets from media information depict not only the reality but oftentimes the exact opposite of it. The worst problems that society often encounters are the acceptance of the people themselves and the effortless transmission of media of any message to the public. The Society and the Contemporary Advertising A product will never be salable in the market if the marketers will not create a concept that would leave a mark to the market. In order to make the product enter on its growth stage, strategic techniques are needed to assure its marketability. The value of the economic role of advertising has been questioned because the dominance of this role can lead to a society where the purpose of advertising is to promote consumption as a way of life. Of course, we all have to purchase certain goods and services to live our lives. However, other goods fall more into "want" category than the "need" category. Advertisements for the "want" categories of goods have questioned since they make people yearn for things they do not need to live their lives (Sheehan, 19). This is the reason why the marketers develop concepts that would easily be remembered by the customers once they enter in the retail store or supermarket. Without the persuasive appeal and creative concepts, the company may need to let the product go to its decline stage. Oftentimes, the advertisers also use its influential demand to make the public buy the product despite its level of necessity. This plain consumerism and influential demand are parts of the contemporary advertising. The product, in order to create a remarkable entrance to the market, should have a unique appearance and strong demand from the customers. Due to the extreme competition in the market, the advertisers use concepts that may be a taboo in the society or too sensationalize to make a strong impact to the target market. Homosexuality on Advertisements A brand of pain relieving drug shows an image of two bare-chested men lying on the bed. Only the lower part of the bodies are shown covered with white blanket and the words written on the white portion of the poster ad were a simple conversation but imply a subliminal message. Although the poster ad may be perceived as clear with direct ideas of homosexuality, the subliminal messages on the advertisements are evident (Current, n.d.)This is just one of many advertisements portraying homosexuality that have already been released in the society. Some advertisements directly imply the sexual identity of the endorsers and some even directly portray the messages that the advertisers would like to be associated with the product. Homosexuality has become part of the efforts of the advertisers in reaching the consumer market thus the mainstream slowly become oriented of the existence of the third sex in the society. From food to wine products, the homosexuals have been used to endorse the selected items to the public. Surprisingly, the society buys the product regardless of its concepts of promotion in the market. Before, the images were used only for print advertisements; however, these images have also reached the televisions targeting the gay and lesbians consumers of either new or mature products in the marketplace. The celebrities that have been known to be homosexuals and same sex couples are used to advertise the products to the mainstream (Elliot, 1997). The masculine image of women and the effeminate figure of men have made people change their perceptions toward homosexuals. Through these advertisements, the mainstream has conformed to the messages that are being portrayed by the mass media. Even though most advertisements, especially on television, do not directly promote homosexuality, the persuasive appeals of every ad containing these kinds of subliminal messages have brought the so ciety to a higher level of awareness about the gender issue. The idea that gays and lesbians are part of consumer markets; advertisers have not failed to disregard these clusters in promoting the products that are being sold to the public. In fact, some manufacturers even developed products intentionally for them. Some endorsers even go beyond cross dressing making the society lead to astonishment to acceptance. Although there have been many criticisms regarding homosexual advertisements, the marketers still view these clusters as potential consumers of the product; thus, the companies selling a particular good or service to the market still made promotion using homosexuals and subliminal messages despite the controversies in the society (William, et al. 2004). Impact of Medias Depiction of Sexual Orientation Apparently, the acceptance of the society in homosexuality can be considered as one of the main impacts of depiction of media. In an interview for the American Communication Journal, the gays and lesbians have freely expressed their opinions about the effects of media depiction of homosexuality to them. They all agreed that todays portrayals are much better than the images of the past, but they are far from perfect. The adults had the same mixed feelings as the teens had about Queer as Folk and Will and Grace. They said they specifically could not relate to the negative stereotypical behavior seen in Queer as Folk, including having a lot of sex, clubbing all the time and doing drugs. However, in terms of gay and lesbian visibility, they felt that 21st century television has more images of gays and lesbians to choose from than what they had as teenagers in the 70s and 80s. Yet they are still not positive representations (Evans, 2007). The images of gays and lesbians have become increasingly accepted in todays society. It has gone to many stages before the mainstream have finally accepted the idea of homosexuality that have been long considered as taboo in the society. Now, the media sources including television, newspapers, magazines, and even billboard advertisements are full of gays and lesbians images. Even though the homosexuals are not represented based on reality, media portrayal has undeniably played a very important role in making these clusters accepted in this modern society. Gays and lesbians are still being treated as different individuals but the images that the public have been seeing on advertisements and television programs have somehow changed the attitude of the people toward them. The growing number of homosexuals manifests the recognition of the mainstream to the group of people who had been hiding in the dark to avoid judgment and criticisms. Now, the prominent persons that have been successful in different fields are undeniably part of gay or lesbian society. They are known for their creativity and skills in managing business, leading a fashion trend, and having the successful lives that the public had never imagined possible due to endless prejudices against them. Today, the world has been aware of the changes that the societal factors bring to every individual which often make up the society. Aside from technology, other elements that have been present in the society finally gone to a lot of transformation in order to conform to these inevitable changes. The taboo in the society became accepted and the seemingly endless criticisms have finally rested. Apparently, media portrayal of homosexuality has a lot of negative effects to the next generation but the impact that it gave to the society now brought peace and clarity to the stereotypes that have thrown against the homosexuals. Advertising may be effective in selling products to the customers; however it is always the best tool of changing the perceptions of the public toward a certain thing. Through advertising, homosexuality has become accepted but the effects of this acceptance may bring another conflict in this post modern world. References Current. (n.d.). Do We Need More Gay-Inclusive Commercials?. Elliot, S. (1997). Homosexuals imagery is spreading from print campaigns to general-interest TV programming. Retrieved March 26, 2009 from http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/30/business/homosexual-imagery-spreading-print-campaigns-general-interest-tv-programming.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/H/Homosexuality Evans, V. (2007). Curved TV: The Impact of Televisual on Gay Youth. American Communication Journal. USA: American Communication Journal. Vol. 9 Issue 3 Sheehan, K. (2003). Controversies in Contemporary Advertising. USA: SAGE Williams, J. Lee, W. & Haugtvedt, C. (2004). Diversity in advertising: broadening the scope of research directions. USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004